Transportation is essential to trade, which has always been the backbone of the economy of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, beginning with Fort Kaministiquia in 1717. When the area was first settled its many waterways were used by the Voyagers and Coureur des bois to trade their goods.
Thunder Bay has a central location within Canada, and is located in the middle of the Trans-Canada Highway system, crossed by railways, and is the location of the largest outbound port on the St. Lawrence Seaway System[1] and the fifth busiest airport in Ontario by aircraft movements.[2]
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Thunder Bay is located on a unique section of the Trans-Canada Highway system in that unlike Western Canada and much of Eastern Canada, there is only one branch of the highway serving the area. As a result, a large volume of trans-Canada truck traffic goes through Thunder Bay.
Trans-Canada Highway 11/17 originates 1 km east of Nipigon and terminates approximately 45 km west of Thunder Bay. The stretch of Highway from 11/17 in Nipigon to Arthur Street in Thunder Bay is designated as the Terry Fox Courage Highway,[3] and between Hodder Avenue and Arthur Street the highway is called the Thunder Bay Expressway. At the intersection of the Harbour Expressway in Thunder Bay, the Trans-Canada designation turns west, with the continuing highway heading south to Minnesota being designated as Highway 61.
Other highways in the city are Highway 102, located between the intersection of Highway 11/17 at Red River Road in the east and the community of Kaministiquia in the west. Highway 61 begins at the intersection of the Harbour Expressway and Highway 11/17 and leads south to the United States border, becoming Minnesota State Highway 61. Highway 589 connects Highway 102 to Dog Lake, located in Gorham and Ware Townships, northeast of the city. The Harbour Expressway is a four lane highway bisecting the city laterally in the Intercity and Balmoral Park areas. The "expressway" designation of both the Thunder Bay and Harbour expressways has been called into question, as both routes feature multiple lighted intersections, and are not true expressways.
To bypass the urban sprawl in the south end of the city, a new stretch of highway, called the "Shabaqua Highway",[4] was built between 1997 and 2007.[5] It begins at the intersection of the Thunder Bay and Harbour Expressways in Thunder Bay and travels 13 km west to the intersection of Vibert Road and the Trans-Canada in Paipoonge.
Public transit has been present in the Thunder Bay area since 1892. Both Port Arthur and Fort William operated street cars until the late 1940s when they were replaced by electric trolley buses. When the cities amalgamated in 1970, both transit systems were merged into Thunder Bay Transit which has exclusively used diesel buses since 1972. Thunder Bay Transit provides 17 routes across the city's urban area with bus frequencies on most routes being between 15 and 45 minutes.
The Handicapped Action Group Incorporated operates a door-to-door transit service[6] for seniors and persons who are unable to use City Transit. Users must register with HAGI to use the service,[7] which is funded by the city of Thunder Bay.[8]
Thunder Bay Transit operates two bus terminals, one in each downtown core, and Greyhound Canada operates a bus terminal located on Fort William Road in the intercity area through which they provide coach service to regional and national destinations.
Thunder Bay is an important railway hub, served by both the Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railway. The city is intersected in many places by railway lines, most notably the CN line which runs diagonally through Thunder Bay South and Intercity, frequently cutting off traffic along major arterials.[9]
Major rail yards are located southwest of the airport, south and east of downtown Fort William and immediately south of the East End neighbourhood, and between the city and the waterfront harbour in the intercity area.
Passenger rail service to Thunder Bay ended on 15 January 1990, with the cancellation of Via Rail Canada's southern transcontinental service.[10] The CPR Union Depot (1910) remains in Fort William, with the CNR station (1905) providing tourism related services in Marina Park.
Thunder Bay Port is the westernmost port of the Canadian portion of the St. Lawrence Seaway. It is located over 3000 km from the Atlantic Ocean.[11] The port is capable of handling all types of cargoes, and is served by the Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railways. It has numerous berths allowing for a quick turn-around time. The main cargoes handled at the port are grain, coal, potash, and forest products.[11]
Keefer Terminal is the main cargo handling facility, which has 500,000 square metres of indoor storage area and 6.4 hectares of outdoor storage area.[12] Thunder Bay Terminals Ltd. provides a rail and vessel link for the movement of low sulphur bituminous and lignite coal from western Canada, and is located on McKeller Island.[13]
Thunder Bay is well known for its many grain elevators, dubbed "Castles of Commerce", on its waterfront. Thunder Bay is the second largest grain port in Canada, making it an important part of Canadian grain exports. Sixteen grain elevators are located on the waterfront, however only nine are currently operational. The nine grain elevators have a capacity of 1.4 million tonnes and are capable of handing wheat, durum, coarse grains, oilseeds, feed grains, peas and crops as well as various grain by-products.[14]
Thunder Bay has been a port since the days of the North West Company which maintained a schooner on Lake Superior. Significant navigation came after 1855 with the opening of the canal at Sault Ste. Marie (Soo locks) which allowed ships coming from the lower lakes to bypass the rapids of the St. Marys River. To facilitate navigation, the federal government dredged the Kaministiquia River from 1873 onwards and built a large breakwater in Thunder Bay beginning in 1884. Thunder Bay Port Authority manages Keefer Terminal built on a 320,000 square metre site on Lake Superior.
Until the 1970s, coal, grain, iron ore and package freight were handled through the port in enormous quantities. Gradually, shipping by train and boat diminished as most package freight is transported by road. The railway's Intermodal freight transport has done away with the costly transshipment of individual goods between box cars and Lake freighters. Combined with loss of grain subsidies (the Crow Rate) and the free trade agreement with the United States, have terminated Thunder Bay's privileged position as a linchpin in Canadian east-west trade. As a result the city has lost its traditional raison d'être as a break-bulk point, and the city is in economic decline.
The city is served by the Thunder Bay International Airport, the fifth busiest airport in Ontario.[2] In 2004, over 600,000 passengers travelled through the airport. The airport is serviced by Air Canada Jazz, Westjet, Bearskin Airlines, Wasaya Airways, Air Creebec, Skyservice, Thunder Airlines, Wiskair, Air Bravo, Porter, and NAC Air.
The two major taxi companies in Thunder Bay are Roach's Yellow Taxi and Diamond-Lacey's Taxi. Superior Accessible Taxi operates handicapped accessible taxi services.
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